CompleteCurtain

Bhanavara

2005-03-30T20:40:00.000-08:00

At first, different

Florence

2005-03-29T22:56:00.000-08:00

The

Boucicault, Dion

2005-03-29T02:12:00.000-08:00

Educated in England, Boucicault began acting in 1837 and in 1840 submitted his first play to Mme Vestris at Covent Garden; it was rejected. His second play, London Assurance (1841), which foreshadowed the modern social drama, was a huge success and was frequently

Onsager, Lars

2005-03-28T08:50:00.000-08:00

His early work in statistical mechanics attracted the attention of the Dutch chemist Peter Debye, under whose direction Onsager studied at the Federal Institute

Ibn Abi 'asrun

2005-03-27T13:24:00.000-08:00

After completing his theological

Tordesillas, Treaty Of

2005-03-27T00:14:00.000-08:00

In 1493, after reports of Columbus' discoveries had reached them, the Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella enlisted papal support for their claims to the New World in order to inhibit the

Accounting

2005-03-25T13:43:00.000-08:00

The systematic development and analysis of information about the economic affairs of an organization. This information may be used in a number of ways: by the organization's managers to help them plan and control the organization's operations; by owners and legislative or regulatory bodies to help them appraise the organization's performance and make decisions

France, History Of, The kings and the war, 13281429

2005-03-25T01:08:00.000-08:00

At the accession of the house of Valois in 1328, France was the most powerful kingdom in Europe. Its ruler could muster larger armies than his rivals elsewhere; he could tap enormous fiscal resources, including taxes authorized by sympathetic popes of French extraction; there remained only four great fiefs—the duchies of Aquitaine, Brittany, and Burgundy, and the county

Biblical Literature, Susanna

2005-03-25T00:18:00.000-08:00

The second addition to Daniel, the story of Susanna, and the third one, Bel and the Dragon, are preserved in two Greek versions. In both stories the hero is the wise Daniel. Susanna was the pious and beautiful wife of Joakim, a wealthy Jew in Babylon. Two aged judges became inflamed with love for her. They tried to force her to yield to their lust, and, when she refused, they accused

Frederick Iii

2005-03-24T23:49:00.000-08:00

Frederick, the son of Duke Ernest of Austria, inherited the Habsburg possessions of Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Gorizia) on his father's death in 1424. By 1439 he had become the senior member of

Franz, Robert

2005-03-23T02:53:00.000-08:00

Franz studied organ at Dessau from 1835 to 1837. Later he returned to Halle, where he became a friend of Wilhelm Osterwald, many of whose poems he set to music. About the time he published his first

Wagner, Richard

2005-03-23T02:39:00.000-08:00

Wagner's single-handed creation of his own type of musical drama was a fantastic accomplishment, considering the scale and scope of his art. His method was to condense the confused mass of material at his disposal—the innumerable conflicting versions of the legend chosen as a basis—into a taut dramatic scheme. In this scheme, as in his model, the Oresteia of Aeschylus,

Rhyme Scheme

2005-03-22T11:29:00.000-08:00

The formal arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or a poem. If it is one of a number of set rhyme patterns, it may be identified by the name of the poet with whom the set rhyme is generally associated (for example, the Spenserian stanza is named for Edmund Spenser). The rhyme scheme is usually notated with lowercase letters of the alphabet (as ababbcbcc, in the case of the Spenserian

Dozy, Reinhart Pieter (anne)

2005-03-21T09:20:00.000-08:00

Dutch Arabist, best remembered for his monumental Histoire des musulmans d'Espagne, jusqu'à la conquête de l'Andalousie par les Almoravides, 711–1110 (1861; Spanish Islam, 1913). Dozy, of French Huguenot ancestry, spent 33 years (from 1850) as professor of history at the University of Leiden. His history, a graphically written account of Moorish dominion in Spain that

Mauritshuis

2005-03-21T01:04:00.000-08:00

In full Koninklijk Kabinet van Schilderijen (Mauritshuis), (Dutch: Royal Gallery of Paintings [Mauritshuis]) picture gallery in The Hague housed in a palace (1633–44) designed by Jacob van Campen and built by Pieter Post for Prince John Maurice of Nassau. The collection, opened to the public in 1820, is especially noted for its Flemish and Dutch paintings from the 15th to the 17th century.

Ch'i-lien Mountains

2005-03-20T03:40:00.000-08:00

Wade–Giles romanization Ch'i-lien Shan, Pinyin Qilian Shan, rugged mountain range on the border of Tsinghai and Kansu provinces, west central China. It forms part of the Nan Shan, the eastern outlier of the Kunlun Mountains. Heavily glaciated in many places, the mountains rise to 18,194 ft (5,547 m), and most peaks exceed 13,000 ft. Snow covers the mountain tops; herds graze in the well-watered valleys. Impassable throughout, the range forms the southern

Kobe

2005-03-19T19:21:00.000-08:00

Kobe is situated at the eastern end of the Inland Sea on Osaka Bay, about 20 miles (32 km) west of Osaka. The city is confined to a narrow shelf of land

Aachen

2005-03-19T01:19:00.000-08:00

French: Aix-la-Chapelle, Dutch: Aken,

Switzerland, Crop cultivation at high altitudes

2005-03-19T00:12:00.000-08:00

The Alpine pastures of the Monte Rosa region reach an altitude of 10,800 feet, and until recently the highest Alpine grainfields, which have fallen victim to the decline in Alpine agriculture, lay above Zermatt at an altitude of 6,900 feet. The highest vineyard of central Europe, at an altitude of 3,900 feet, is still located near Visperterminen in the Valais. The largest vineyards are

Western Literature

2005-03-18T15:16:00.000-08:00

Diverse as they are, European literatures, like European languages, are parts of a common heritage. Greek, Latin, Germanic, Baltic and Slavic, Celtic, and Romance languages

Novaës, Guiomar

2005-03-18T14:14:00.000-08:00

After early studies in São Paulo with Luigi Chiafarelli, Novaës was sent by the Brazilian government to the Paris Conservatory, where she took first place in the entrance examinations (1909). There she studied with

Salalah

2005-03-18T04:42:00.000-08:00

Town, southern Oman, on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The town is located in the only part of the Arabian Peninsula touched by the Indian Ocean monsoon and thus is verdant during the summer. Salalah is the historic centre of Dhofar, famous in ancient times as a source of frankincense, and was described by Marco Polo in the 13th century as a prosperous city. Although it declined

Ursins, Marie-anne De La Trémoille, Princesse Des

2005-03-16T18:13:00.000-08:00

Ursins moved to Italy with her first husband, and after his death she married an Italian duke, who died in 1698. She remained in Rome until 1701, where her salon became a centre of French

Consonance And Dissonance

2005-03-16T16:07:00.000-08:00

In music, the impression of stability and repose (consonance) in relation to the impression of tension or clash (dissonance) experienced by a listener when certain combinations of tones or notes are sounded together. In certain musical styles, movement to and from consonance and dissonance gives shape and a sense of direction, for example, through increases and decreases

Arts, The

2005-03-16T11:34:00.000-08:00

Traditional categories within the arts include literature (including poetry, drama, story, and so on), the visual arts (painting, drawing, sculpture, etc.), the graphic arts (painting, drawing, design, and other forms expressed

Gwadar Bay

2005-03-15T13:36:00.000-08:00

Persian Khalij-e Gavater, inlet of the Arabian Sea indenting the sandy Makran coast at the Iran–Pakistan border. It is about 20 miles (32 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide. The Dashtiari River flows into it from the northwest, and the Dasht from the northeast. The town of Gwadar, Pak., lies on the Arabian Sea coast about 30 miles (48 km) to the east of Gwadar Bay.

Maurice, (john) Frederick Denison

2005-03-15T10:57:00.000-08:00

Prevented from graduation in law at Cambridge by his refusal to subscribe to the Thirty-nine Articles, the Anglican confession of faith, Maurice reversed his position by 1830 and attended Oxford.

Heriz Carpet

2005-03-14T15:42:00.000-08:00

Heriz also spelled Heris, floor covering handmade in any of a group of villages near the town of Heris, lying east of Tabriz in northwest Iran. Heriz carpets—primarily room-sized, stout, serviceable, and attractive—have found ready markets in Europe and the U.S. They are an offshoot, apparently, of the Tabriz carpets, a country version of city styles. The smooth curves and flowing lines of a sophisticated

Bokassa, Jean-bédel

2005-03-14T14:56:00.000-08:00

The son of a village chief, Bokassa attended local mission schools before joining the French army in 1939. He distinguished

Davel, Jean-abraham-daniel

2005-03-13T16:44:00.000-08:00

Annexed by Bern in 1536, the Vaud had long chafed under the administration of Bernese bailiffs when in 1723 Davel became the focus of discontent. Claiming divine inspiration and envisioning a Christian revival, he led

Adams, John

2005-03-12T15:14:00.000-08:00

In 1784 Jefferson arrived in Paris to replace Franklin as the American minister at the French court. Over the next few months, Jefferson became an unofficial member of the Adams family, and the bond of friendship between Adams and Jefferson was sealed, a lifelong partnership and rivalry that made the combative New Englander and the elegant Virginian the odd couple of the American Revolution. Jefferson also visited the Adams family in England in 1785, after Adams had assumed his new post as American ambassador in London. The two men also joined forces, though Adams as the senior figure assumed the lead, in negotiating a $400,000 loan from Dutch bankers that allowed the American government to consolidate its European debts.

Decapolis

2005-03-11T21:38:00.000-08:00

League of 10 ancient Greek cities in eastern Palestine that was formed after the Roman conquest of Palestine in 63 BC, when Pompey the Great reorganized the Middle East to Rome's advantage and to his own. The name Decapolis also denotes the roughly contiguous territory formed by these cities, all but one of which lay east of the Jordan River. According to Pliny the Elder (Natural

Lateran Council

2005-03-11T21:16:00.000-08:00

The first Lateran Council, the ninth ecumenical council (1123), was held during the reign of Pope Calixtus II; no acts or contemporary accounts survive. The council promulgated a number of canons (probably 22), many of which merely reiterated decrees of earlier councils. Much

Papal Infallibility

2005-03-11T07:57:00.000-08:00

In Roman Catholic theology, the doctrine that the pope, acting as supreme teacher and under certain conditions, cannot err when he teaches in matters of faith or morals. As an element of the broader understanding of the infallibility of the church, this doctrine is based on the belief that the church has been entrusted with the teaching mission of Jesus Christ and

Kirkcudbright

2005-03-10T11:17:00.000-08:00

Town and royal burgh (1455), Dumfries and Galloway council area, historic county of Kirkcudbrightshire, southwestern Scotland, 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Dumfries in the Galloway region. It guards the lowest crossing of the River Dee 6 miles (10 km) from the Irish Sea and is a market town, a dairying centre, and a favourite resort of artists. It is the historic county town (seat) of Kirkcudbrightshire.

Caucasian Languages, Svan

2005-03-10T02:22:00.000-08:00

The Svan language (self-designation: lušnu nin), also unwritten, is located south of Mount Elbrus, in the high valleys of the upper Tskhenis-Tskali and its tributary Kheledula and in the valleys of the upper Inguri River. There are four fairly distinct dialects: Upper and Lower Bal in the Inguri region, and Lashkh and Lentekh in the Tskhenis-Tskali region. Georgian and Russian

Abalone

2005-03-09T03:33:00.000-08:00

Any of several marine snails of the subclass Prosobranchia (class Gastropoda) constituting the genus Haliotis and family Haliotidae, in which the shell has a row of holes on its outer surface. Abalones are one-shelled snails found in warm seas worldwide. The dishlike shell is perforated near one edge by a single row of small holes that become progressively

Strasser, Gregor; And Strasser, Otto

2005-03-09T00:44:00.000-08:00

The brothers were born into a Bavarian middle-class family.

álava

2005-03-08T17:14:00.000-08:00

Provincia, northern Spain. Álava is the southernmost of the three Basque Country provincias of northern Spain and is located mainly on the southern slope of the Pyrenees Range. It is bounded by the Ebro River (southwest) and surrounds the enclaves of Treviño and Orduña belonging to Burgos and Vizcaya provincias, respectively. Álava has an area of 1,176 square miles (3,047 square

Anson, George Anson, Baron

2005-03-08T08:01:00.000-08:00

Anson entered the Royal Navy

Indonesia

2005-03-08T00:48:00.000-08:00

Officially Republic of Indonesia , Indonesian Republik Indonesia country located off the coast of the Southeast Asian mainland in the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is an archipelago that lies across the Equator and spans a distance equivalent to one-eighth of the Earth's circumference. Its islands can be grouped into the Greater Sunda Islands of Sumatra (Sumatera), Java (Jawa), the southern extent of Borneo known as Kalimantan, and

Abzug, Bella (bella Savitzky)

2005-03-07T21:02:00.000-08:00

American lawyer and politician (b. July 24, 1920, New York, N.Y.--d. March 31, 1998, New York), variously identified as "Battling Bella" and "Mother Courage," was a quintessential progressive known for her groundbreaking roles as peace activist, feminist, environmentalist, and early advocate for gay rights. Abzug was the daughter of Russian- Jewish immigrants. She earned degrees from Hunter

Offaly

2005-03-07T19:54:00.000-08:00

Irish Uibh Fhailaí county in the province of Leinster, Ireland. With an area of 771 square miles (1,998 square km), it is bounded by Counties Westmeath and Meath (north), Kildare (east), Laoighis and Tipperary (south), and Galway and Roscommon (west). The River Shannon forms its western boundary. Offaly consists mainly of a large section of the central lowland, though its southwestern boundary runs along

Earth Sciences, Louis Agassiz and the ice age

2005-03-06T18:02:00.000-08:00

Huge boulders of granite resting upon limestone of the Jura Mountains were subjects of controversy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Saussure described these in 1779 and called them erratics. He concluded that they had been swept to their present positions by torrents of water. Saussure's interpretation was in accord with the tenets of diluvial geologists, who

New Castile

2005-03-05T18:58:00.000-08:00

Spanish Castilla La Nueva, historic provincial region, central upland Spain. It generally includes the area of the Moorish kingdom of Toledo annexed to the former kingdom of Castile in the 11th century AD. In modern Spanish geographic usage, New Castile as an administrative region included the provinces of Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid, and Toledo. Its area was 27,940 square miles (72,363 square km).

Sabbath River

2005-03-05T04:41:00.000-08:00

In Jewish legend, a river beyond which the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel were exiled. See Sambation.

Murnau, F.w.

2005-03-05T00:17:00.000-08:00

Murnau studied philosophy, art history, and literature at the Universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. In 1908 he joined the company of renowned

Jablonec Nad Nisou

2005-03-04T20:43:00.000-08:00

German Gablonz An Der Neisse, city, Severoceský kraj (region), Czech Republic. It lies about 1,600 feet (500 m) above sea level in the upper valley of the Nis (Neisse) River, in the Giant Mountains (Krkonoše). It was populated mainly by Germans between World Wars I and II, when it was known as Gablonz an der Neisse. The cradle of the famed Bohemian glass industry, it makes all types of glass products from high-quality wares

Murnau, F.w.

2005-03-04T19:10:00.000-08:00

Electronic display device that operates by applying a varying electric voltage to a layer of liquid crystal, thereby inducing changes in its optical properties. LCDs are commonly used for portable electronic games, as viewfinders for digital cameras and camcorders, in video projection systems, for electronic billboards, as monitors for computers, and in flat-panel

Gull

2005-03-04T14:32:00.000-08:00

Adult gulls are mainly gray or white, with variable head markings. In breeding season the

Cell, The vacuole

2005-03-02T11:58:00.000-08:00

Most plant cells contain one or more membrane-bound vesicles called vacuoles. Within the vacuole is the cell sap, a water solution of salts and sugars kept at high concentration by the active transport of ions through permeases in the vacuole membrane. This high concentration causes the entry, via osmosis, of water into the vacuole, which in turn expands the vacuole

Chelmsford

2005-03-02T11:52:00.000-08:00

Remains of the Roman settlement of Caesaromagus have been discovered in the locality. In 1227 Chelmsford town became the regular seat of the county judicial gatherings known as assizes and quarter

Forbes (of Culloden), Duncan

2005-03-01T09:26:00.000-08:00

Trained in law, Forbes entered local politics and in 1715 aided the Hanoverian cause during the unsuccessful Jacobite rebellion of that year. Forbes was elected

Albany, Louise Maximilienne Caroline, Countess Of

2005-03-01T05:11:00.000-08:00

The elder daughter of Gustav Adolf, prince of Stolberg-Gedern, she entered the convent of Saint Waudru in Mons, where

Freckle

2005-02-28T11:54:00.000-08:00

Also called ephelis , plural ephelides, a small, brownish, well-circumscribed, stainlike spot on the skin occurring most frequently in red- or sandy-haired individuals. In genetically predisposed individuals who have been exposed to the ultraviolet radiation of sunlight, production of the pigment melanin increases in the pigment cells of the skin (melanocytes); the number of melanocytes does not increase.

Macedo, José Agostinho De

2005-02-28T08:37:00.000-08:00

Macedo took vows as an Augustinian in 1778. Because of his turbulent character he spent much time in prison and was constantly transferred from one community to another. In 1792 he was unfrocked but obtained a papal brief that gave him the status of a secular priest. He was

Hettangian Stage

2005-02-28T05:09:00.000-08:00

The name Hettangian

Manchuria

2005-02-27T20:51:00.000-08:00

In the closing decades of the 19th century, foreign powers, particularly Russia and Japan, began to eye Manchuria as a fruitful field for imperialist expansion. The conflict between Russia and Japan for the control of Manchuria first raged over the possession of the Liaotung Peninsula. As the prize of its victory in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, Japan demanded from China

Epimenides

2005-02-26T23:50:00.000-08:00

Cretan seer, reputed author of religious and poetical writings. He conducted purificatory rites at Athens about 500 BC according to Plato (about 600 according to Aristotle). All surviving fragments, including a line quoted by St. Paul (Titus 1:12), are attributable to other sources. Stories of his advanced age (157 or 299 years), his miraculous sleep of 57 years, and his wanderings outside

Pithoragarh

2005-02-26T18:05:00.000-08:00

City, northern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies east of Almora, on a ridge of the Himalayan foothills. The surrounding area lies entirely within the Himalayan Range and is bordered by Nepal to the east and China to the north. Rice, barley, and wheat are grown. Pop. (1991 prelim.) city, 27,753.

Syv Systre

2005-02-26T17:20:00.000-08:00

Also called Knivsflåfoss, waterfalls in the fylke (county) of Møre og Romsdal, west-central Norway. The falls have their sources in Geit Mountain. The water flows over a high perpendicular cliff and plunges several hundred feet into Geiranger Fjord below. The name, which in English means “seven sisters,” is derived from the seven separate streams that join at the top of the falls. East of the falls,

Gates Of Paradise

2005-02-25T19:21:00.000-08:00

Italian Porta Del Paradiso, the pair of gilded bronze doors (1425–52) designed by the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti for the east entrance of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. Each wing of the Gates of Paradise contains five rectangular reliefs of scenes from the Old Testament between figurated borders containing statuettes in niches and medallions with busts. The entire surface of the doors

Taff Vale Case

2005-02-25T16:09:00.000-08:00

(1900–01), in Great Britain, the successful trial of a suit brought by the Taff Vale Railway Company against the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants (ASRS) in which the courts held that a union could be sued for damages caused by the actions of its officials in industrial disputes. Opposition to the decision did much to spur the growth of the nascent British Labour

Jacksonville

2005-02-24T16:57:00.000-08:00

City, Pulaski county, central Arkansas, U.S., 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Little Rock. The locality was settled before the American Civil War but did not develop until the 1860s, when a local resident, Nicholas Jackson, offered land for a Cairo and Fulton (now Union Pacific) Railroad depot. The town, named for him in 1870, became a distribution point for farm produce. The economy diversified

Friuli-venezia Giulia

2005-02-24T16:54:00.000-08:00

Regione of northeastern Italy, bordering north and east on Austria and Slovenia, south on the Adriatic Sea, and west on Veneto regione; it has an area of 3,030 square miles (7,847 square km) and comprises the provincias of Udine, Pordenone, Gorizia, and Trieste. In the north the solid wall of the Carnine Alps, broken only by the Plöcken Pass (Passo di Monte Croce) and the low Tarvisio saddle,

Aureole

2005-02-23T13:02:00.000-08:00

Brightly illuminated area surrounding an atmospheric light source, such as the Sun, when the light is propagated through a medium containing many sizes of particles or droplets that are large compared to the wavelength of the light. Because the wavelength of visible light is about 0.00005 cm (0.5 micrometre), particles of size greater than about 0.0001 cm (1 micrometre) will give rise

Anicetus, Saint

2005-02-23T02:22:00.000-08:00

Possibly a Syrian, Anicetus laboured to combat the errors of the heresies of Valentine and Marcion and to prevent heresies, working particularly against the Marcionites and Gnostics. Although he suffered tribulations, it is questionable whether or not he was actually martyred.

West Lothian

2005-02-22T19:37:00.000-08:00

Council area and historic county, southeastern Scotland, on the southern shore of the River Forth estuary and the Firth of Forth just west of Edinburgh. The council area and historic county occupy somewhat different areas. The historic county borders the Forth from Bo'ness to the mouth of the River Almond just west of Cramont. It extends southwest across a lowland

Sacred Kingship, The king as judge

2005-02-22T03:40:00.000-08:00

From earliest times, in addition to other functions, the chief was the judge of his tribe; he personified the protection that the community provided for the individual. Providing for a balance of power in the community, mediating quarrels, and protecting individual rights, the chief or king was the lawgiver and the highest administrator for all community affairs.

Bolivia, Drainage

2005-02-22T00:28:00.000-08:00

The rivers of Bolivia belong to three major systems—the Amazon tributaries in the northwest, north, and northeast, the Pilcomayo-Paraguay system in the south and southeast, and an isolated, inland-draining system centring on Lakes Titicaca and Poopó on the Altiplano in the west. The Uyuni Salt Flat is a smaller inland-draining basin nearby but separate from the

Ashbourne

2005-02-21T07:38:00.000-08:00

Town (“parish”), Derbyshire Dales district, administrative and historic county of Derbyshire, England. Ashbourne is a centre for the surrounding agricultural districts and for tourists visiting nearby Dovedale and the Manyfold Valley. Its buildings include the Church of St. Oswald, dating from 1241 and possessing an octagonal spire (212 feet [65 metres]). The oldest of the famous

Eyre, Edward John

2005-02-20T22:16:00.000-08:00

Emigrating from England for reasons of health, Eyre reached Australia in March 1833. As a sheep farmer he became a pioneer “overlander,” driving stock from Sydney

Cheirolepis

2005-02-20T18:27:00.000-08:00

Extinct genus of primitive fishes whose fossils are found in European and North American rocks of the Devonian period (408 to 360 million years ago). The genus Cheirolepis is representative of the paleoniscoids, a group of primitive bony fishes, and may represent the common ancestor of the later, more progressive bony fishes. Cheirolepis was slim and streamlined,

Dessalines, Jean-jacques

2005-02-19T23:52:00.000-08:00

Dessalines was brought to the French West Indian colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) as a slave. He worked as a field hand for a black master until 1791, when he joined the slave rebellion that broke out in the colony amid the turmoil caused by the French Revolution. In the decade that

Kerr, Jean

2005-02-18T14:21:00.000-08:00

Jean Collins graduated from Marywood College in Scranton in 1943, and in August of that year she married Walter F. Kerr, who was then a professor of drama at Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., and who later became

Literature

2005-02-18T10:19:00.000-08:00

Strict ideological censorship by the government continued in 1994 to be the background against which all discussions of the literary scene in Iran had to be conducted. In this regard the most sensational event of the year was the death, probably in November, of the noted essayist and satirist 'Ali Akbar Sa`idi Sirjani, who died in custody, under unexplained circumstances,

Bekabad

2005-02-18T00:36:00.000-08:00

City, Tashkent oblast (province), eastern Uzbekistan. It lies along both banks of the Syr River at the extreme southern tip of the oblast. The town arose originally in connection with a cement plant and until World War II was known as a cement and cotton centre. During World War II a small steel plant was constructed in Bekabad. It uses scrap and some pig iron brought from

Jeune Belgique, La

2005-02-17T08:22:00.000-08:00

(“Young Belgium”), influential review (1881–97), edited by poet and novelist Max Waller; it gave its name to a literary movement (though never a formal “school”) that aimed to express a genuinely Belgian consciousness and to free the literature of Belgium from outworn Romanticism. Among writers associated with the movement were Maurice Maeterlinck, Émile Verhaeren, and Max

Trajan's Bridge

2005-02-16T21:39:00.000-08:00

First bridge spanning the Danube River, built east of the Iron Gate Rapids at Turnu Severin by the Roman emperor Trajan (reigned AD 98–117) to guarantee the supply line of his legions in conquered Dacia. The engineer, probably Trajan's lieutenant, Apollodorus of Damascus, used timber arches mounted on masonry piers to span the 0.5-mile- (800-metre-) wide river. A century and a half later the

Mind

2005-02-16T13:13:00.000-08:00

To the extent that mind is manifested in observable

Abrahams, Israel

2005-02-15T04:52:00.000-08:00

In 1902, after teaching for several years at Jews' College, London, Abrahams was appointed reader in Talmudics (rabbinic literature) at the University of Cambridge, a post he retained

Strang, James Jesse

2005-02-15T01:44:00.000-08:00

Admitted to the bar in 1836 after teaching for a brief period, Strang also served as postmaster for five years at Ellington, N.Y., and owned and edited a weekly

Ziggurat

2005-02-14T11:28:00.000-08:00

Pyramidal, stepped temple tower that is an architectural and religious structure characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) from about 2200 until 500 BC. The ziggurat was always built with a core of mud brick and an exterior covered with baked brick. It had no internal chambers and was usually square or rectangular, averaging either 170 feet square or 125 ´ 170 feet (40 ´ 50 metres)

Cypress

2005-02-14T06:30:00.000-08:00

Any of about 20 species of ornamental and timber evergreen conifers constituting the genus Cupressus of the family Cupressaceae, distributed throughout warm-temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Many resinous, aromatic evergreen trees called cypress belong to other genera of the same family, especially

Biblical Literature, The Hasmonean kingdom

2005-02-14T05:00:00.000-08:00

After Alexander's death the empire was split, and first the Ptolemies, an Egyptian dynasty, and then the Seleucids, a Syrian dynasty, held Palestine. Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a 2nd-century-BC Seleucid king, desecrated the Temple in Jerusalem; a successful Jewish revolt under the Maccabees, a priestly family, resulted in its purification (164 BC) and in freedom from Syrian domination

Duala

2005-02-13T08:52:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Douala, Bantu-speaking people of the forest region of southern Cameroon living on the estuary of the Wouri River. By 1800 the Duala controlled Cameroon's trade with Europeans, and their concentrated settlement pattern developed under this influence. Their system of chieftaincy was partly founded on trading wealth. For much of the 19th century there were two political–commercial

Ghibli

2005-02-13T03:56:00.000-08:00

Hot and dusty wind descending from the interior highlands of Libya toward the Mediterranean Sea. See foehn.

Saberht

2005-02-12T13:01:00.000-08:00

Saberht reigned as a dependent of his uncle Aethelberht I, king of Kent, and became a Christian after Aethelberht's conversion. A late and doubtful legend attributes the founding of Westminster Abbey to Saberht—London being then the chief city of the East Saxons. He was succeeded by his sons, all

The Peoples Known As Mimi

2005-02-11T18:05:00.000-08:00

The Mimi of Nachtigal and the Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes, both of which speak a Maban language of the Nilo-Saharan language family, are identified by the names of their first investigators—Gustav Nachtigal and Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes, respectively. The name Mimi sometimes is applied to a people who call themselves Amdang and are also known as Biltine; although

Simenon, Georges

2005-02-11T02:03:00.000-08:00

Simenon began working on a local newspaper at age 16, and at 19 he went to Paris determined to be a successful writer. Typing some 80 pages each day, he wrote, between 1923 and 1933, more than

Aldridge, Ira Frederick

2005-02-10T20:35:00.000-08:00

Herbert Marshall and Mildred Stock, Ira Aldridge: The Negro Tragedian (1958).

Peter Of Alcántara, Saint

2005-02-10T03:50:00.000-08:00

Of noble birth, he entered the Franciscan Order at Alcántara in 1515 and was ordained priest in 1524. As a friar, Peter emphasized the penitential aspects

Huygens, Constantijn

2005-02-09T09:20:00.000-08:00

His diplomatic service took him several times to England, where he met and was greatly influenced by John Donne and Francis Bacon. He translated 19 of Donne's poems and

Dunqulah

2005-02-09T06:06:00.000-08:00

The historic town of Old Dunqulah (Dunqulah al-'Ajuz) was situated on the

Acciaccatura

2005-02-08T19:03:00.000-08:00

In music, ornamental note sometimes confused with appoggiatura (q.v.).

Auction

2005-02-07T15:40:00.000-08:00

The buying and selling of real and personal property through open public bidding. The traditional auction process involves a succession of increasing bids or offers by potential purchasers until the highest (and final) bid is accepted by the auctioneer (who is usually an agent of the seller). At a so-called Dutch auction, however, the seller offers property at successively

Austria, The accession of the Habsburgs

2005-02-07T10:49:00.000-08:00

As the German princes had not cared to give Rudolf adequate support against Otakar, he did not feel bound to them and set out to acquire the former Babenberg lands for his own house. In 1281 he made his eldest son, Albert (later Albert I, king of Germany), governor of Austria and Styria; on Christmas, 1282, he invested his two sons, Albert and Rudolf II, with Austria, Styria, and Carniola,

Sacchi, Andrea

2005-02-07T01:20:00.000-08:00

His Bolognese training gave him an initial

Scale Worm

2005-02-06T06:26:00.000-08:00

The somewhat arched back of the scale worm is covered with flattened pairs of overlapping scales. A

Saïda

2005-02-06T00:22:00.000-08:00

Town, northwestern Algeria, on the southern slopes of the Tell Atlas and the northern fringe of the Hauts (high) Plateaux. The city's site has been of military importance since the construction there of a Roman fort. Saïda was a stronghold of Abdelkader, the Algerian national leader who burned the town upon the approach of French forces in 1844. Modern Saïda was founded as

CompleteCurtain

Bhanavara

Florence

Boucicault, Dion

Onsager, Lars

Ibn Abi 'asrun

Tordesillas, Treaty Of

Accounting

France, History Of, The kings and the war, 13281429

Biblical Literature, Susanna

Frederick Iii

Franz, Robert

Wagner, Richard

Rhyme Scheme

Dozy, Reinhart Pieter (anne)

Mauritshuis

Ch'i-lien Mountains

Kobe

Aachen

Switzerland, Crop cultivation at high altitudes

Western Literature

Novaës, Guiomar

Salalah

Ursins, Marie-anne De La Trémoille, Princesse Des

Consonance And Dissonance

Arts, The

Gwadar Bay

Maurice, (john) Frederick Denison

Heriz Carpet

Bokassa, Jean-bédel

Davel, Jean-abraham-daniel

Adams, John

Decapolis

Lateran Council

Papal Infallibility

Kirkcudbright

Caucasian Languages, Svan

Abalone

Strasser, Gregor; And Strasser, Otto

álava

Anson, George Anson, Baron

Indonesia

Abzug, Bella (bella Savitzky)

Offaly

Earth Sciences, Louis Agassiz and the ice age

New Castile

Sabbath River

Murnau, F.w.

Jablonec Nad Nisou

Murnau, F.w.

Gull

Cell, The vacuole

Chelmsford

Forbes (of Culloden), Duncan

Albany, Louise Maximilienne Caroline, Countess Of

Freckle

Macedo, José Agostinho De

Hettangian Stage

Manchuria

Epimenides

Pithoragarh

Syv Systre

Gates Of Paradise

Taff Vale Case

Jacksonville

Friuli-venezia Giulia

Aureole

Anicetus, Saint

West Lothian

Sacred Kingship, The king as judge

Bolivia, Drainage

Ashbourne

Eyre, Edward John

Cheirolepis

Dessalines, Jean-jacques

Kerr, Jean

Literature

Bekabad

Jeune Belgique, La

Trajan's Bridge

France, History Of, The kings and the war, 13281429